香樟树枝堆肥产物与盾构脱水泥共堆肥的效果

[目的]实现两种城市固体废弃物盾构脱水泥和香樟树枝堆肥产物同时最大化处置与利用,从而推进园林绿化废弃物与城市盾构污泥资源化产品的应用。[方法]以盾构脱水泥与香樟树枝堆肥产物分别按照25∶1,30∶1,20∶1,25∶1比例(质量比)调配一级、二级草坪种植土与一级、二级花坛种植土,考察4种比例下共堆肥过程中阴离子表面活性剂AES的降解特征以及堆肥发酵产物的主要元素含量与盆栽试验。[结果]盾构脱水泥与香樟树枝堆肥产物分别以25∶1,30∶1,20∶1,25∶1比例堆肥20 d的产物均满足《绿化种植土壤CJ/T340-2016》一级、二级草坪种植土与一级、二级花坛种植土要求。共堆肥明显促进了盾构脱水泥中主要污染物AES的降解,堆肥20 d后产物中AES表面活性剂含量均下降了75.24%以上。盆栽试验结果发现,堆肥终产物一级草坪土与二级草坪土种植马尼拉种子的发芽率分别为92%与86%;一级花坛土中移栽杜鹃与二级花坛土中移栽满天星的成活率均为100%。[结论]香樟树枝堆肥产物与盾构脱水泥混合共堆肥,不仅有利于盾构脱水泥的环保处置,堆肥后可进行二次利用,而且促进了盾构泥中AES的降解,降低了盾构脱水泥中AES对环境的危害。     

螺旋排肥器排肥口参数对排肥性能影响的试验研究

针对螺旋排肥器在物料输送过程中排肥口物料流量随时间波动变化造成排肥均匀性降低的问题,该研究采用离散元仿真和台架试验相结合的方法,以排肥均匀性变异系数为评价指标,在螺旋转速30r/min下,研究了排肥口长度和排肥口角度对排肥均匀性的影响,通过正交试验分析了单个螺旋转动周期内的排肥特性。试验结果表明:影响螺旋排肥器排肥性能的主次因素分别为排肥口长度、排肥口角度,两者对螺旋排肥器的排肥稳定性和均匀性有非常显著的影响,在排肥口角度为135°、排肥口长度为60mm的组合下取得较优排肥效果,该组合下仿真试验的排肥均匀性变异系数为4.98%,台架验证试验的排肥均匀性变异系数为5.41%,仿真试验和台架试验结果吻合度较好。该研究可为螺旋式排肥器的设计与优化提供参考和理论依据。     

梳齿起膜气力脱膜式耕层残膜回收机研制

为了解决耕层残膜污染问题，该研究设计了一种梳齿起膜气力脱膜式耕层残膜回收机。该机主要由机架、梳齿、梳齿辊、重力沉降室、离心风机组成。梳齿辊是该回收机的核心机构，其辊筒上布置有多排梳齿，通过梳齿辊的旋转实现松土和残膜-土壤分离；利用EDEM离散元软件建立梳齿辊模型，仿真研究了梳齿排列方式和梳齿结构对梳齿辊入土过程中前进阻力和阻力矩的影响，确定了齿刀螺旋排列方式。吸膜机构的作用是实现残膜的连续回收及膜土分离。建立了残膜在吸膜区的运动学方程，通过对方程分析求解，探明了梳齿辊转速和吸膜口风速对残膜运动轨迹的影响，确定梳齿辊转速应小于120 r/min，吸膜口风速应大于15 m/s。为了获得回收机的最佳作业参数组合，进行了土槽响应曲面优化试验，得出最佳参数组合：吸膜口与竖直面之间的角度为-7°、机具前进速度为2 km/h、梳齿辊转速为100 r/min、吸膜口风速为22 m/s。田间试验结果表明：最佳参数组合作业时，残膜拾净率为55.04%，比预测值小1.63%，优化方法可靠。     

天水水土保持科学试验站60年科研与实践

天水水保科研站是我国建立最早的水土保持科研机构。建站 60年来积累的水土保持试验研究方法和经验、取得的宝贵基础资料、研究成果等 ,广泛应用于教学、科研、生产和决策等国民经济建设中 ,产生了巨大的社会经济效益     

Use of poultry manure and plant cultivation for the reclamation of burnt soils

Annual (Pisum sativum L. and Vicia sativa L.) and perennial (Trifolium repens L. and Lotus corniculatus L.) leguminous species were grown in pots containing samples from the ash layers of two Cambisols under Pinus sylvestris L., which has been affected by high-intensity wildfires 3 and 15 days before the sampling. The gramineous Lolium perenne L. was cultivated as a second plant after Trifolium and Lotus harvesting. Three treatments were compared: soils without fertilization and soils fertilized with two doses of poultry manure (1 and 2 g total N kg^-1 dry soil). The aim of the work was to study the capacity of the ash layer to sustain vegetation and the influence of plants and organic manure on the recovery of vegetation cover, ash layer fixation and soil structure formation to avoid erosion. The ash samples were able to sustain vegetation without fertilization. The organic manure increased the yields of all the plants tested, the lower dose being the optimal for the first crop whereas the higher dose was beneficial for the second crop. The annual legumes grew very quickly. The mixture of Trifolium and Lotus seemed very suitable for reclamation of soil degraded by wildfires because Trifolium produced more phytomass than Lotus in the first growing stages whereas the development of Lotus was higher in the later growing stages. Ash layer conditions did not inhibit nodulation, which was, however, stimulated by the organic manure, particularly in the case of Lotus. Lolium after perennial legumes was the best plant combination because it produced the highest phytomass, particularly root phytomass, and thus improved vegetation cover and ash layer fixation. All the plants tested improved the formation of soil aggregates, particularly the combination of perennial legumes and Lolium. However, wet aggregate stability was higher when plants were grown on soils fertilized with poultry manure than when plants were cropped on unmanured soils, which points to the favourable influence of the organic manure on soil aggregation.     

开放性实验在食品安全与卫生教学中的尝试

为了有效提高食品安全与卫生学的实验水平,使学生巩固理论课的基本知识,进行了食品安全与卫生学开放性实验教学的实践和探索。通过开放性实验教学改革提高了学生的实验技能,培养了学生学习专业课的兴趣,增强了学生的团队精神和创新精神。     

食品专业生物化学课程实验报告分析

对食品专业生物化学课程实验报告的构成进行了分析,了解课程实验报告中分数、人数、性别、班别、分数段各项组成的变化情况,查找学生在实验中普遍存在的问题,为改进课程实验考核方式提供科学依据。     

Folk experiments

Folk experiments in agriculture are often inspired by new ideas blended with old ones, motivated by economic and environmental change. They tend to save labor or capital. These notions are illustrated with nine short case studies from Nicaragua and El Salvador. The new ideas that catalyze folk experiments may be provided by development agencies, but paradoxically, the folk experiments are so common that the agencies that inspire them usually pay little attention to them. Some folk experiments are original, but others simply copy innovations that farmers have seen somewhere else. Unlike formal scientific research, in which results are consistently written, folk experiments are rarely “inscribed,” because the results are for use by individual farmers and need not be shared with an audience.     

多色盆桔组合模式及盆栽技术

简要介绍了几种主要盆栽柑桔品种的生物学特性及多色盆桔的组合模式,并对各组合的嫁接、肥水管理、整形修剪、促花、保花、保果、病虫害防治、造型及观赏期养护等技术作了详细的论述.     

15株NDV地方株的分离鉴定与生物学特性

从1998~2002年河南省洛阳地区代表性新城疫发病禽群中分离鉴定了15株新城疫病毒(NDV),并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,15株NDV均呈现良好的血凝活性和特异的血凝抑制特性;对鸡胚的致病作用可被新城疫阳性血清所抑制;对鸡胚最小致死量的平均死亡时间(MDT),1日龄雏鸡脑内接种的致病指数(ICPI)和6周龄鸡静脉内接种的致病指数(IVPI)的测定证实,LD-6-01和LR-2-00株是弱毒株,其余均为强毒株;弱毒株的血凝素热稳定性较好,属慢速血凝解脱型;强毒株的血凝素热稳定性差,属快速或中速血凝解脱型;所有毒株均可较好地凝集鸡和人(O型血)的红细胞,但对其他动物的红细胞凝集性差异较大。对HI抗体为6log2的12日龄雏鸡攻毒试验结果表明,15个分离株中2个弱毒株可得到100%保护;13个强毒株中,LG-1-99,LR-1-98,LD-4-01和LD-3-00得到了70%~90%的保护,而其他9个分离株(LD-1-98,LD-2-99,LD-5-01,LD-7-02,LR-3-02,LW-1-02,LG-2-00,LA-1-99和LE-1-01)基本上得不到保护(0~20%),但所有得不到保护的试验组鸡的发病死亡时间均明显向后推迟。